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http://hdl.handle.net/10469/24833| Tipo de Material: | Libro |
| Título : | The least developed countries report 2016: the path to graduation and beyond: Making the most of the process |
| Autor : | United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) |
| Fecha de Publicación : | 2016 |
| Ciudad: Editorial : | New York : United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) : Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) |
| ISBN : | 978-92-1-112905-2 |
| Cita Sugerida : | United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 2016. The least developed countries report 2016: the path to graduation and beyond: Making the most of the process. New York: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) / Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU). |
| Descriptores / Subjects : | DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO Y SOCIAL PAÍSES EN DESARROLLO DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE COOPERACIÓN ECONÓMICA |
| Paginación: | 188 páginas |
| Patrocinador/Auspiciante/Fuente : | Publicaciones Convenios ONU |
| Índice / Contenido: | ÍNDICE | What are the least developed countries iii | Explanatory notes x | Abbreviations xi | Classifications used in this Report xiii | Overview I-XIV | INTRODUCTION: Recent Economic Trends and Outlook for LDCs 1 | A. Introduction 2 | B. The real sector 2 | C. Current account and international trade 4 | 1. Current account balance 4 | 2. Trade in goods and services 5 | D. Resource mobilization 9 | 1. Domestic resource mobilization 9 | 2. Official capital flows 10 | 3. Foreign direct investment 10 | 4. Personal remittances 12 | E. The economic outlook for least developed countries 12 | Notes 14 | References 14 | CHAPTER 1: Graduation: A Milestone, Not the Winning Post 15 | A. Introduction 16 | B. The least developed country predicament, the rationale of the category and the significance of graduation 17 | 1. The rationale of the least developed country category 17 | 2. The poverty trap 18 | 3. The commodity-dependence trap 19 | 4. Balance-of-payments constraints to growth 25 | 5. The significance of graduation 27 | C. The graduation process and criteria 27 | D. The evolution of the least developed country list 30 | E. The least developed country category: More relevant than ever 31 | 1. Economic divergence and the growing concentration of social deprivation 31 | 2. Divergence in productive capacities 33 | 3. The changing global economic environment for development 37 | F. Graduating to what? 39 | 1. A milestone, not the winning-post 39 | 2. Graduation with momentum: The key role of productive capacities 41 | 3. The key role of inclusivity and gender 42 | G. The economic and political calculus of graduation 44 | 1. The economic calculus 44 | 2. The political calculus 45 | H. Summary 46 | Notes 47 | References 48 | CHAPTER 2: The National Dynamics of Graduation 51 | A. Introduction 52 | B. Historical, current and future cases of graduation 52 | C. The role of geographical factors in graduation performance 56 | 1. The landlocked developing country factor 56 | 2. The small island developing State factor 58 | D. National processes leading to graduation 63 | 1. Strategies of the graduates to date 63 | 2. Strategies, plans and policies of current least developed countries 67 | E. The least developed countries group in 2025: Implications of the UNCTAD projections 72 | 1. Geographical features 72 | 2. Output structure and income 72 | 3. Urbanization and the rural economy 74 | 4. Productivity and poverty 74 | 5. Financing for development 75 | 6. Major exports 75 | 7. Export concentration 76 | 8. Conclusions 77 | F. Summary 77 | Notes 79 | References 80 | CHAPTER 3: The Contribution of International Support Measures to Graduation 83 | A. Introduction 84 | B. International support measures - An overview 85 | C. Finance-related international support measures 85 | 1. Volume of official development assistance 88 | 2. Official development assistance modalities 93 | 3. Climate finance 94 | D. Trade-related international support measures 98 | 1. Accession to the World Trade Organization 99 | 2. Preferential market access 99 | 3. Other special and differential treatment 104 | 4. Trade-related technical assistance 106 | E. Technology-related international support measures 109 | 1. Aid for science, technology and innovation 109 | 2. The Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 110 | 3. Climate change-related technology transfer 112 | 4. The Technology Bank 113 | F. The role of international support measures in past graduation cases 114 | G. The utilization of international support measures by present least developed countries and their perceived usefulness 116 | H. Conclusion 117 | I. Summary 119 | Notes 120 | References 121 | CHAPTER 4: Post-Graduation Processes and Challenges 125 | A. Introduction 126 | B. Smooth transition 126 | C. Economic implications of graduation 129 | 1. External financing 129 | 2. Trade preferences 133 | 3. Special and differential treatment 140 | 4. Conclusion 140 | D. Post-graduation challenges 141 | 1. Persistent commodity dependence 141 | 2. The risk of reversion 143 | 3. The middle-income trap 145 | E. The post-graduation development paths of the past graduates 149 | 1. External debt 149 | 2. Official development assistance and foreign direct investment 150 | 3. Economic diversification policies 151 | 4. Poverty and inequality 152 | F. Summary 153 | Notes 154 | References 156 | Annex 1. Simulation of the effects of loss of trade preferences due to graduation: Methodology 159 | CHAPTER 5: The Path to Graduation and Beyond 161 | A. Introduction 162 | B. Graduation with momentum 162 | C. "Graduation-plus" strategies for graduation with momentum 164 | 1. Rural transformation 165 | 2. Industrial policy 166 | 3. Science, technology and innovation policy 167 | 4. Development finance 169 | 5. Macroeconomic policies 170 | 6. Employment generation 171 | 7. Gender 172 | D. The international environment 173 | E. International support measures 174 | 1. Development finance 174 | 2. Proposal: An LDC finance facilitation mechanism 177 | 3. Trade 178 | 4. Technology 180 | F. Least developed country criteria 182 | G. Summary 183 | Notes 185 | References 186 | |
| Lugar: | USA |
| Resumen / Abstract : | Following several years of apparent resilience to the international economic and financial crisis, economic growth in the least developed countries (LDCs) has declined steeply since 2012, reaching a low of 3.6 per cent in 2015. This is the slowest pace of expansion this century, and far below the target rate of at least 7 per cent per annum recommended by the 2011 Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011–2020 (the so-called Istanbul Programme of Action (IPoA)). Thirteen LDCs experienced a decline in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in 2015. This performance has been strongly influenced by the sharp decline in commodity prices, which has particularly affected African LDCs. Such weak economic growth is a serious obstacle to generating and mobilizing domestic resources for structural transformation and investment in the development of productive capacities. It also hampers progress towards the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This economic slowdown is likely to be reinforced by the current world economic climate, which remains lacklustre in its recovery. |
| Copyright: | openAccess Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 Ecuador |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10469/24833 |
| Aparece en las colecciones: | Colección General |
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