Towards Human Resilience: Sustaining MDG Progress in an Age of Economic Uncertainty

Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD)

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dc.coverage.spatial	USA	es_ES
dc.creator	Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD)
dc.date	2011
dc.date.accessioned	2025-09-26T20:37:10Z
dc.date.available	2025-09-26T20:37:10Z
dc.identifier.citation	Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD). 2011. Towards Human Resilience: Sustaining MDG Progress in an Age of Economic Uncertainty. New York: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD).	es_ES
dc.identifier.isbn	978-92-1-126333-6
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10469/24809
dc.description	The recent global economic crisis has reinforced significant concerns about the impact of financial and economic shocks in an integrated world economy. Moreover, the increasing frequency and severity of such shocks raise important questions about their systemic character and the ability of individual countries to withstand the most damaging and lasting effects of such economic uncertainty. Perhaps most significantly: How do economic crises affect the world’s most vulnerable populations? What structural characteristics make some economies more susceptible to the harmful effects of such shocks? And what policies or strategies can help developing countries grow and prosper in times of profound and unpredictable economic change globally?	es_ES
dc.description.sponsorship	Publicaciones Convenios ONU	es_ES
dc.description.tableofcontents	ÍNDICE \| Foreword xi \| Acknowledgements xiii \| List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiv \| Overview 1 \| Main Arguments of the Report 3 \| Defining Vulnerability and Resilience 4 \| Drivers of Macro-Economic Vulnerability 5 \| Key Findings 7 \| Policy Options for Building Systemic Resilience 10 \| Reduce Dependence on Volatile Sources of Income and Growth 10 \| Address the Volatility of Commodity Prices and Stabilize Incomes of Commodity Producers 11 \| Address the Volatility of Private Capital Flows and Leverage Innovative Financing Options 11 \| Address Aid Volatility, Aid Procyclicality and Aid Effectiveness 12 \| Address Rising Income Inequalities 12 \| Create Fiscal Capacity in the Short Term and Mobilize Greater Domestic Revenues over the Longer Term 12 \| Invest in Building Institutional Capacity and Improve Quality of Institutions and Core Country Systems 13 \| Notes 14 \| References 15 \| Chapter 1: Export Dependence and Export Concentration 18 \| Introduction 20 \| Trends in Export Dependency 21 \| Trends in Export Concentration 24 \| Economic Shocks, Export Earnings and Growth Volatility 27 \| Export Concentration, Export Earnings and Growth Volatility 29 \| Building Resilience: Policy Options 30 \| Boosting Domestic Demand 31 \| Promoting Export Diversification 34 \| Strengthening Regional Trade Cooperation 39 \| Enabling International Trade Environment 40 \| Notes 44 \| Annex 1.A: Import Dependency 45 \| Annex 1.B: List of Countries and Territories by Region 47 \| Annex 1.C: List of Countries and Territories by Development Status 49 \| Annex 1.D: Economic Groupings of Developing Countries and Territories 51 \| References 52 \| Chapter 2: Commodity Dependence and International Commodity Prices 56 \| Introduction 58 \| Trends in Commodity Dependence 59 \| Trends in International Commodity Prices 62 \| Long-term Trends in International Commodity Prices 62 \| Short- and Medium-term Trends 64 \| Price Instability Over Time 66 \| Causes of Commodity Price Volatility 67 \| Commodity Price Volatility and Economic Growth 68 \| Building Resilience: Policy Options for Stabilizing Commodity Prices and Incomes of Commodity Producers 68 \| Supply Management 70 \| National Revenue Management 70 \| Market-based Price Risk Management 71 \| Alternative Trade Initiatives 73 \| Notes 75 \| Annex 2.A: Share of Primary Commodity Exports in Total Exports for LDCs by Region, 1995–2009 77 \| Annex 2.B: Monthly Current Price Index for Major Commodity Categories, Jan 1995–Aug 2010 78 \| Annex 2.C: Long-term Trends in Primary Commodity Prices 79 \| Annex 2.D: Changes in Prices of Food, Minerals and Oil 80 \| References 82 \| Chapter 3: Private Capital Flows: Foreign Direct Investment and Portfolio Investment 84 \| Introduction 86 \| Trends and Composition of Private Capital Flows 88 \| Foreign Direct Investment 89 \| Sources of Foreign Direct Investment 92 \| Destination of Private Capital Flows by Sector 94 \| FDI as a Source of Investment 95 \| Volatility in FDI Flows 96 \| Causes of Volatility 99 \| Development Impact of FDI 101 \| Portfolio Investment 102 \| Volatility of Portfolio Investments 104 \| Building Resilience: Policy Options for Strengthening Domestic Resource Mobilization, Stabilizing Private Capital Flows and Maximizing their Development Benefits 105 \| Strengthening Domestic Resource Mobilization 105 \| Stabilizing Private Capital Flows 107 \| Maximizing the Development Payback of Private Capital Flows 108 \| Notes 111 \| Annex 3.A: FDI Outflows by Region, 1995–2009 112 \| Annex 3.B: FDI Outflows by Development Status, 1995–2009 112 \| Annex 3.C: Volatility of FDI by Country and Territory 113 \| Annex 3.D: Volatility of PI by Country and Territory 116 \| Annex 3.E: Portfolio Investments for Sample of Developing Countries 118 \| References 119 \| Chapter 4: Remittances 122 \| Introduction 124 \| Trends in Remittances 125 \| The Growing Economic Importance of Remittances 127 \| The Stability and Countercyclicality of Remittances in the Context of External Economic Shocks 129 \| Remittances, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction 131 \| Policy Options for Building Resilience: Leveraging Remittances for Development 133 \| The Monitoring, Analysis and Projection of Remittance Inflows 133 \| Developing Retail Payment Systems 134 \| Reducing Transactions Costs for Remittance Transfers 135 \| Financial Access of Individuals and Households 136 \| Leveraging Remittances for Capital Market Access of Financial Institutions or Countries 136 \| Notes 138 \| Annex 4.A: FDI, Portfolio and Remittances Inflows to Developing Countries, 1995–2008 139 \| Annex 4.B: Remittances Received as a Share of GDP by Region, 1995–2009 140 \| Annex 4.C: Remittances Received as a Share of GDP by Development Status, 1995–2009 141 \| References 142 \| Chapter 5: Official Development Assistance 144 \| Introduction 146 \| Setting the Scene: Aid at a Glance 147 \| ODA as a Source of Vulnerability to Sustaining MDG Progress 151 \| The Determinants of Aid-related Vulnerability 152 \| Policy Conclusions and Recommendations 173 \| Notes 178 \| References 180 \| Chapter 6: Income Inequality and the Condition of Chronic Poverty 184 \| Introduction 186 \| Trends in Income Inequality 188 \| Income Inequality in Advanced Countries 188 \| Rising Inequality in Advanced Economies and Global Financial Fragility 188 \| Rising Inequality in Advanced Countries and its Impact on Developing Economies 191 \| Trends in Income Inequality Within Developing Countries 192 \| Explaining the Rise in Income Inequality in Developing Countries 196 \| Within-Country Inequality and Domestic Financial Fragility 198 \| Inequality, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction 198 \| Poverty Traps 202 \| Policies for Reducing Chronic Poverty and Inequality 202 \| Promoting Inclusive Growth and the Expansion of Productive Employment 203 \| The Redistribution of Incomes and Assets 205 \| Pro-poor Macro-economic Policies 208 \| Notes 211 \| Annex 6.A: Change in Inequality 214 \| Annex 6.B: Poverty Reduction, Growth and Inequality 216 \| References 217 \| Chapter 7: Economic Resilience and Fiscal Capacity 224 \| Introduction 226 \| Fiscal Capacity Indicators 227 \| Trends in Fiscal Capacity 228 \| External Indebtedness 228 \| The Fiscal Balance 234 \| Procyclical Bias of Fiscal Accounts 237 \| The Current Account Balance 239 \| The Relation between Current Account Deficits and the Fiscal Deficit 242 \| Gross Savings 244 \| Foreign Reserves 247 \| Policy Options for Building Fiscal Capacity 250 \| External Debt 250 \| Trade Finance 251 \| Fiscal Policy Measures 253 \| Domestic Revenue Mobilization 254 \| Notes 256 \| Annex 7.A: Note on Data 259 \| Annex 7.B: External-Debt-to-GDP Ratio for LDCs, 1995–2009 263 \| Annex 7.C: Gross Savings Rate in LDCs, 1995–2009 263 \| References 264 \| Chapter 8: Governance Principles, Institutional Capacity and Quality 268 \| Introduction 270 \| Institutional Capacities and Qualities 271 \| Defining Institutional Qualities 271 \| Measuring Change in Institutional Performance, Adaptability and Stability 272 \| Application of Institutional Qualities to Core Country Systems and Country Evidence 274 \| Governance Principles 279 \| Definition of Core Governance Principles and Country Examples 279 \| Measures of Governance Principles 281 \| Linkages Between Institutional Qualities and Key Governance Principles 282 \| Policy Recommendations and Conclusion 284 \| Notes 286 \| Annex 8.A: UNDP Framework for Measuring Change in Institutional Performance, Adaptability and Stability 289 \| References 290 \|	es_ES
dc.format	292 páginas	es_ES
dc.language	eng	es_ES
dc.publisher	New York : Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD)	es_ES
dc.rights	openAccess	es_ES
dc.rights	Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 Ecuador	*
dc.rights.uri	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ec/	*
dc.subject	SISTEMA ECONÓMICO	es_ES
dc.subject	PRECIO DE PRODUCTOS BÁSICOS	es_ES
dc.subject	EXPORTACIÓN	es_ES
dc.subject	COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL	es_ES
dc.subject	CRECIMIENTO ECONÓMICO	es_ES
dc.subject	MATERIA PRIMA	es_ES
dc.subject	INGRESO NACIONAL	es_ES
dc.subject	RECESIÓN ECONÓMICA	es_ES
dc.title	Towards Human Resilience: Sustaining MDG Progress in an Age of Economic Uncertainty	es_ES
dc.type	book	es_ES
dc.identifier.slug	https://biblio.flacsoandes.edu.ec/libros/146083-opac	es_ES
dc.tipo.spa	Libro	es_ES