Crecimiento, empleo y salarios : México en los años del Tratado de Libre comercio de América del Norte, TLCAN
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Escobar Toledo, Saúl
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Buenos Aires: FLACSO. Sede Académica Argentina.
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Abstract
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Después de la crisis de la deuda y de la llamada "década perdida" de los años ochenta del siglo pasado, México intentó recuperar gradualmente la estabilidad económica, adoptando severas medidas de austeridad y reformas de corte neoliberal. En 1994 entró en vigor el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) O NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) después de varios años de negociación entre los tres países involucrados: Canadá, los Estados Unidos y México. Con ello, se esperaba que el país iniciaría una nueva senda de expansión económica. En las siguientes páginas, se hará un balance de cuáles fueron los resultados durante este periodo en materia de crecimiento del PBI, empleos y salarios. También se analizará el papel de la política laboral y su debilidad institucional, lo que ha propiciado una mayor vulnerabilidad de los trabajadores y la proliferación de contratos y sindicatos que no representan a los trabajadores. Se concluye con un conjunto de datos que muestran el crecimiento de la desigualdad, en particular en la distribución factorial del ingreso y la magnitud de la pobreza, derivada de los bajos ingresos de los trabajadores, lo que explica su persistencia crónica a lo largo de las últimas décadas en México.
After the debt crisis and the so called “lost decade” originated in the early 1980s, México made strong austerity plans and adopted neoliberal reforms to regain economic stability. In 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) went into effect after several years of negotiations among Canada, US and Mexico. It was expected that NAFTA would pave the way for a new stage of economic growth and employment. In the following pages an outcome of this period is provided covering the last years and emphasizing the trends found in GDP, employment and wages. Labor policy will also be studied underlining its institutional weakness and explaining why it has inflicted a stronger vulnerability of the working class and the proliferation of unions and labor contracts that are not representative of the will and even the knowledge of the workers. At the end, a set of data will show the growth of inequality, especially in the distribution of income between labor and capital. It will describe also the size of poverty, over all originated in the low income of the workers. This last issue explains why poverty has become chronical in the last decades in Mexico.
After the debt crisis and the so called “lost decade” originated in the early 1980s, México made strong austerity plans and adopted neoliberal reforms to regain economic stability. In 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) went into effect after several years of negotiations among Canada, US and Mexico. It was expected that NAFTA would pave the way for a new stage of economic growth and employment. In the following pages an outcome of this period is provided covering the last years and emphasizing the trends found in GDP, employment and wages. Labor policy will also be studied underlining its institutional weakness and explaining why it has inflicted a stronger vulnerability of the working class and the proliferation of unions and labor contracts that are not representative of the will and even the knowledge of the workers. At the end, a set of data will show the growth of inequality, especially in the distribution of income between labor and capital. It will describe also the size of poverty, over all originated in the low income of the workers. This last issue explains why poverty has become chronical in the last decades in Mexico.
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Keywords
CRECIMIENTO ECONÓMICO, NAFTA, TRATADO DE LIBRE COMERCIO, MERCADO DE TRABAJO, PRECARIZACIÓN DEL TRABAJO, SECTOR INFORMAL, SALARIOS, SALARIO MÍNIMO, POBREZA, MÉXICO
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Artículo
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2017-10
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p. 21-43
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Escobar Toledo, Saúl. 2017. Crecimiento, empleo y salarios : México en los años del Tratado de Libre comercio de América del Norte, TLCAN (artículos). Revista Estado y Políticas Públicas, 5 (9): 21-43.
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