Las paradojas del autoritarismo: ejército, campesinado y etnicidad en el Perú, siglos XIX al XX
The paradoxes of authoritarianism : army, peasants, and ethnicity in Peru, from XIX to XX centuries
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Méndez G., Cecilia
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Quito : FLACSO sede Ecuador
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Abstract
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Partiendo de procesos políticos recientes en el Perú, que incluyen una guerra civil y la emergencia de un
movimiento militarista pro-indígena y ultranacionalista, este ensayo examina la relación histórica entre
campesinado y ejército durante los siglos XIX al XXI. Se especula sobre los cambios producidos con el
tránsito de un ejército caudillista en el siglo XIX a un ejército profesional en el XX. El ensayo cuestiona la
expandida idea de que la sierra rural y sus habitantes estuvieron excluidos de la vida nacional y de la ciudadanía
“desde siempre” y postula que la participación campesina en las guerras civiles del siglo XIX fue
un canal de inserción del campesinado en la política nacional, promoviendo una forma incipiente de conciencia
ciudadana.
Inspired by recent political processes in Peru that include a civil war and the emergence of a militaristic and ultranationalist pro-indigenous political movement, this essay examines the historical relationship between the peasantry and the army from the nineteenth to the twenty-first centuries. It speculates on the changes that the transition from a caudillista army in the nineteenth century to a professional army in the twentieth century brought about. The essay questions the widespread idea that the rural highlands and their inhabitants were excluded from the national life and citizenship “for ever” and contends that peasant participation in the civil wars of the nineteenth century was a channel for insertion of the peasantry into national politics and fostered an incipient form of citizenship consciousness. Yet, as the army professionalized, the relationship between the armed institutions and the peasantry became increasingly more hierarchical and vertical.
Inspired by recent political processes in Peru that include a civil war and the emergence of a militaristic and ultranationalist pro-indigenous political movement, this essay examines the historical relationship between the peasantry and the army from the nineteenth to the twenty-first centuries. It speculates on the changes that the transition from a caudillista army in the nineteenth century to a professional army in the twentieth century brought about. The essay questions the widespread idea that the rural highlands and their inhabitants were excluded from the national life and citizenship “for ever” and contends that peasant participation in the civil wars of the nineteenth century was a channel for insertion of the peasantry into national politics and fostered an incipient form of citizenship consciousness. Yet, as the army professionalized, the relationship between the armed institutions and the peasantry became increasingly more hierarchical and vertical.
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Keywords
EJÉRCITO, MILITARES, CAMPESINADO, INDIGENISMO, ETNICIDAD, CIUDADANÍA, AUTORITARISMO, PROFESIONALIZACIÓN, GUERRA CIVIL, PERÚ, ARMY, MILITARIES, PEASANTRY, INDIGENISM, ETHNICITY, CITIZENSHIP, AUTHORITARIANISM, PROFESSIONALIZATION, CIVIL WAR
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Méndez G., Cecilia. Las paradojas del autoritarismo: ejército, campesinado y etnicidad en el Perú, siglos XIX al XX (Dossier) = The paradoxes of authoritarianism: army, peasants, and ethnicity in Peru, from XIX to XX centuries. En: Íconos: revista de ciencias sociales, Quito: FLACSO sede Ecuador, (n.26, septiembre 2006): pp. 17-34. ISSN: 1390-1249